How your take-home pay is worked out
Your employer deducts income tax and National Insurance through PAYE, plus any student loan repayment and workplace pension contribution. For 2026/27:
- Personal allowance: the first £12,570 is tax-free (tax code 1257L).
- Income tax in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 20% on the next £37,700, 40% up to £125,140 and 45% above. Scotland uses its own six bands.
- National Insurance: 8% between £12,570 and £50,270, 2% above.
- Student loans: 9% above £26,900 (Plan 1), £29,385 (Plan 2), £33,795 (Plan 4) or £25,000 (Plan 5); postgraduate loans 6% above £21,000.
Every rate comes from HMRC’s published rates and thresholds; see the methodology and sources.